This calculus or reckoning is not only present in mathematics; it is the foundation or ground of the utilitarian principles of ethics. Change being negative and positive. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. I dont understand the link. How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? Paper: 'Woman's brain, man's brain: feminism and anthropology in late nineteenth-century France' 12. Our experience of the world is one of being amidst objects and all other determinations of the being of objects is precluded other than that established by the principle of sufficient reason. These are subsets of the political in its essence. The virtue of some thing was its usefulness or goodness, and it had to do with its potentialities or possibilities. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their nemesis, their just desserts, due to their lack of knowledge of who they are and the actions they must take, or not take, because of who they are. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit it is public. Judgement is the connection between what is stated with that about which a statement is made. This object is a picture of a place that played a pivotal part on the reformism of casteism. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. I, for example, havent got a clue what is going on in the fashion arts. But as Aristotle once said: For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all.. It reveals when it is true; it does not reveal when it is false. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. Hence, is it our ethical duty that our thoughts, beliefs and values evolve over time when new information comes to light? 12. The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts The TOK Exhibition (also sometimes called the TOK IA) counts for one-third of your marks in the course. 13. The German philosopher Kant grounded this viewing in his Critique of Pure Reason. Join. The providing ofsufficient reasons is what we consider to be a good justification for a claim. What do your choices of objects or images for this prompt indicate about you and the society of which you are a member? Some discussion of the certainty and reliability of mathematical knowledge will be required. Historicism denies this truth and it asserts that there is no truth outside of the historical contexts from which it has been produced. When what is is defined as object, as object it becomes the ground and basis of all things, their determinations as to what they are, and the kinds of questioning that determine those determinations. If not, you will get a 0. Requiring surety and certainty are the consequences of the approach to life that we have inherited from Cartesianism: cogito ergo sum. Reasons must be given for the claims being made. Second order claims are claims that are made about knowledge, and you will have to deal with these in evaluating the importance of the claims that you will be making. the permanent, unchanging things in contrast to the things that change. 16. 34. The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen. The ignorance cannot be eliminated with definite bits of knowledge; it cannot be something that provides or produces a definite stock of objective knowledge and provides definite objective ways of knowing things. How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know? It is the authority of the principle of reason which characterizes the modern age as technological or as the Information Age. This demand that reasons must be rendered is what is empoweringin the principle of reason. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. They. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. Current research into AI, artificial intelligence, is being questioned because so much of it is occurring beyond good and evil or beyond ethical considerations. Affects, passions and feelings (the manner in which we conceive of emotion) are not to be seen as inner experiences: what we are concerned with here is not psychology, not even a psychology underpinned by physiology and biology, but . CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. Implication is the act of implying,the state of being implied. This lack of self-knowledge elicits pity and fear from us: pity for the waste of the good that is the goodness of the tragic hero as a human being, and fear that such a lack of self-knowledge may be present in ourselves. Technologys erosion of human being and its enclosing of the world (the opposite of disclosing) are offset by its ability to give us experiences. If the inquiry of your Exhibition wishes to remain a first order inquiry, the age-old advice of follow the money is a good one whether it be about climate change deniers, the lack of ethics in the activities of the world banking system, etc. There must be a corresponding relation or reality of the book, the table and the books place on the table. values or beliefs? In what and from where does our word values have its origins? Understanding what the purpose of a great work of art is remains for us a mystery since they appear to be purpose itself. We believe we have knowledge when our representations in our minds correspond to the things that we are inquiring about. 19. Ignorance is bad because it inhibits human beings from their true Being which is to reveal truth. This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. For a thing to be in the first place, reason must supply its being and the thing must give itself back to the inquiring subject as being able to be known through calculation and measurement i.e. His original term was areteor what we have translated as virtue, and knowing oneself was to have knowledge of ones possibilities and potentialities. . They are the predications of the subject that we call knowledge. Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe.Socrates once said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness and he demonstrated this in the figure of the tyrant for whom and in whom all sense ofothernesshas disappeared. View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience: One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. Why, for example, are we obliged to preserve panda bears in conditions that are far better than most human beings in the world? You have to chooseone of the following prompts and your choice of prompt will determine the methodology or the pathway as well as the design or plan that you will follow to arrive at your interpretation of the images or objects you have chosen. rendered, and to whom or to what is a reason rendered? This is done in the modern physical sciences. They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. The roles of the media in its various forms is something that will need to be addressed. The IB is one such community. This know how, presumably, comes from a long, broad engagement with the field which is under discussion. For knowledge to be knowledge, it must be shared or handed over to others and confirmed and affirmed (See prompt #26). One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. The tools are antecedent to our viewing of the world as technological and they can only produce or allow us to acquire what is called knowledge in a pre-determined manner, a manner which produced the tools themselves in the first place. The being of beings is sought and found in the representedness of beings that arises through the principle of reason or ratiocination and the account of beings given therein. You are required to choose one prompt from the list below, and it must be exactly from this list and you cannot change the wording. It is what we call research, a searching again for what has been lost. One of the obvious challenges in communicating and disseminating knowledge is translation. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. Experiment in this sense is quite different from experience: science becomes rational-mathematical, i.e. Other connotations of the word imply some things importance or value such as a disputed goal in football where we say the goal counts i.e. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. . The word expert derives from expertise or know how and this kind of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne. Deformity of the soul is characterized by the movement of the soul towards something which it has established as its aim, the scope in the soul where the aim is sighted, but the individual soul is inadequate to the aim; it is unfitted or not suitable to the aim such as seen in the play Macbeth once again. You may also wish to discuss owe and its distinctions from own and the possible implications of these in any discussion of this prompt. The principle to render sufficient reasons becomes the unconditional demand to render mathematically technically computable grounds for all that is: total rationalization. are established so that there is little room to discuss the objects and their being that are under scrutiny. Information only informs when the data which comprises it is placed within a system (the form) that allows it to in-form. 27. As you know, you need to choose one of the 35 IA prompts to base your exhibition on. 14. 4. Even where one permits the animate its own character (as is done in the human sciences), this character is conceived as an additional structure built upon the inanimate. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. The purpose for this writing on these prompts is to provoke thought regarding our understanding of what the key concepts contained in the prompts might mean. Hence, humanism arises at the same time as the world-picture, a philosophical interpretation of man that explains beings as a whole in terms of man and with a view to man. We may all have private experiences that are unique to us and that we consider knowledge, but unless they are shared with others, we cannot be secure that they are knowledge. In your study of Group 3 subjects, you will hear both the words culture and world-view said often. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. 23. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? What we call our knowledge requires that what we consider the knowledge to be must be rendered or handed over to others so that it may be justified and made secure. to determine what our tastes should be in our various forms of entertainment. Required fields are marked *. What makes the being of objects possible is Reason itself. Experience is at first passive: we come across something without going in search of it. We may gain our knowledge from parents, peers, teachers or others with whom we come in contact, but this knowledge must be made our own. We establish values for a reason, and that reason has to do with who we are. Since this is its concern, it is subject to interpretation. This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. What we have called objectivity in this writing is a legacy from the German philosopher Kant and his transcendental method and how this thinking was interpreted by the English-speaking empiricists. image/object #1 is like or as image/object #2, and so on. The political as understood here is not what we commonly think of as political parties etc. A world-view is often arbitrary and peremptory. The soul, when properly ordered, is given to us by Socrates in his prayer to Pan at the end of the dialogue Phaedrus: O dear Pan and all you gods here, grant it to me to become beautiful, to come into the correct condition in relation to what is in myself, what comes from inside, and grant that whatever I possess on the outside may be a friend to what is inner, and grant that I repute as rich the one who is wise, and grant that to me the amount of gold I possess in this world will have as much value for me and that I will claim for it only as much value as a man of understanding should claim.Socrates prayer is that his soul will become beautiful, and this means having its proper relation to the things themselves and for their correct limits; nothing in excess. If it is not, it is subjective. Our delimitations and definitions of the things are arrived at prior to their placement in various domains of knowledge and these horizons of the things are arrived at through the use of the principle of reason in our cognitions. Even provisionally, we cannot say more than that in the field of modern atomic physics we have resigned ourselves, and we have done so because our representations are dependable. (Werner Heisenberg, The Picture of Nature in Contemporary Physics) The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge. It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. Our use of tools is primarily a way in which we enhance our sense perception as a way of knowing things in the sciences, but the things themselves must be determined as objects and therefore calculable and measurable prior to our use of the tools. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?. I have written extensively on this topic of personal knowledge on this blog site and recommend that you view the following links to find possible approaches in narrowing your focus on this broad topic: CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; CT 1: Self-Knowledge and Ethics. In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. Whether they are the ulemasof Muslim societies or the talking heads of the think-tanks of technological societies, it is the experts who determine how truth has been interpreted and how it should be applied to human actions within communities. 32. r/IBO. The choice of the prompt is crucial for the outcome or product that you will produce or bring forth and hold forth upon. It is the old definition and understanding of justice: we render to others their due. The output that is looked for has already been pre-determined prior to the making or creation. The truth of what is past or historical must be disinterred and become claimed as current knowledge. You might wish to consider how IT managers and creators mold our acquisition of knowledge by how they portray information as knowledge and how our language is being formed and manipulated by what is considered knowledge through this technology of the helmsmen. But notice that the objects being spoken about must have already presented themselves to us in some fashion in order for our statements to be made about them i.e. Because not all of a work of art or a poem, for instance, can be accounted for through these calculations, we refer to our responses to them as subjective and we strive to give an account of the work which will overcome this subjectivity and will conform to the principle of sufficient reason, a giving of an adequate account with the evidence for such an account.Our mode of access to a type of thing, e.g. Knowledge somehow breaks the. Technology, understood as instrumentality, is a matter of ends and means. Withoutphronesisone develops misperceptions of things. isabellas brunch menu . All that matters is the quality of the feeling or experience, since these experiences can have no significance for our lives or our world. A good-looking and whimsical maid from Thrace laughed at him and told him that while he might passionately want to know all things in the universe, the things in front of his very nose and feet were unseen by him. Plato adds, This jest also fits all those who become involved in philosophy. He asserts that the American Constitution and his reading of the FederalistPapers#65 by Hamilton allow the President to act in any manner he deems fit regarding his re-election as long as that action is in the public interest. Not all knowledge is good, it seems. The reasons provide both the evidence and the explanation. Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge? pistis [pstis]; Lat. In your Exhibition you will bring your knowledge to bear on the relations of the objects or images that you will choose to exhibit and demonstrate their connectedness to each other. It may be useful to you to determine which prompts belong to the same sub-group in terms of their main theme. Anyone who has been ill or has had loved ones who have been ill could not but be grateful for the improvements that have occurred in the medical sciences such as the discovery of penicillin. what counts as good evidence. Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. This reign of the object as material thing, as the genuine substructure of all things, reaches into the area that we call the spiritual; into the sphere of the meaning and significance of language, of history, of the work of art, and all of the areas of knowledge of TOK. You also create a document with the title of your IA prompt, images of the three objects, and you will also provide a commentary on each object that identifies each object and its specific real-world context. First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. It is an awareness or a familiarity with a subject be it theoretical or practical. To what extent is objectivity possible in the production or acquisition of knowledge? It is not a truth relativism; it may reveal or it may not. (about 100 words) In the Theory of Knowledge exhibition, I will be talking about the three objects of my choice and the prompt I have linked them to. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. We call them universities but this is a misnomer. All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. What is a sufficient reason? Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. Correctness as consistency means that a statement is deduced from another statement in accordance with the rules of reasoning. When we ask what counts as knowledge, the language of the question should surprise us. World-view comes from the German Weltanschauung which is formed from Welt, world, and Anschauung, view, etc., and means view of, outlook on, the world. how reality is conceived. It is this gap in our knowledge of what is our own and what is not that is a great mystery for us if we give thought to it. For knowledge of that subject, I have to turn to my daughters. Thus in pro-jecting, what counts as knowledge is that human being always projects itself on its possibilities, though the range of possibilities varies with the thing chosen. v) Shakespeares Macbeth is not a play about ambition: Shakespeare is not against ambition; it is a play that concerns the outcomes of the illness that at times accompanies ambition and the ambitious. Historicism dominates all presentations of what has come to be called knowledge in the 21st century. You will notice, though, that human beings do not cause the health: health itself is an outcome of nature. This can be done through perception and calculation. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Technology istheoretical;the practical applications, its instrumentality, is secondary to this primary theoretical viewing. Your TOK exhibition is worth 35% of the grade. A world-picture, on the other hand, comes from the German Weltbild, a picture [BiId] of the world. CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; 10. 2. It could be said, in contrast to Heisenberg, that even high-tech disposable things. Now they are contrasted with mere observation and description, guided by no mathematical anticipation. A discussion of the various types of knowledge is given here: https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676. Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs | Clastify Theory of Knowledge : TOK Exhibition Written Commentary. We commonly associate experiencing with an I, a subject or a consciousness. A reason is this sort of reason only if it is aratio,that is an account given about something that is in front of the person as a judging I and is given to this I. Experts help the societies of which they are members determine what is best to know within that society. Opinion is the handing over of knowledge through language and what the thing is that is handed over. It is assessed internally, but moderated externally. While most of the sufficient reasons are supplied through logic and logistics in mathematical calculations, examples for this calculating reasoning may be taken from almost anywhere and it will be your task to show their relationship to each other in making the assertions you will make regarding the three images or objects that you have chosen. https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. 11. Correctness is being directed toward something, making statements that are fitted or suitable for the things that are spoken about. Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. 6. Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. The principle of reason is what is in operation when we say I get it! in English, for it is the manner in which we take something on, deal with it, perceive it. The Greeks understood technology as the theoretical knowledge that makes the practical applications possible. The USA is going through some deep conflicts at the moment in that its Constitution begins with We hold these truths to be self-evident But its sciences illustrate that there are no self-evident truths and that what are believed to be self-evident truths are coming into conflict with the conveniences that have been revealed and desired through their technology, the tendencies towards autocratism and fascism being two examples . An old story which Plato speaks about in his Theaetetus is that Thales, while occupied in studying the heavens above and looking up, fell into a well. This helps us to understand what Socrates meant when he said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness, such a madness as one sees in Macbeth at the end of that play. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. are the questions that can be explored in the Exhibition. A sufficient reason is both a demonstration and an explanation of some thing or event, but the thing or event must be made and become an object of inquiry a priori through the application of the principle of sufficient reason. Adherents of the same world-picture may hold different world-views and enter into conflict employing the weapons supplied by their common world-picture. However, such knowledge has also brought about many ills and challenges that we are now trying to overcome and must overcome if we are to sustain life on this planet. Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. may establish new rules or laws, and may clarify the existing rules or laws in relation to any objects or phenomena examined i.e. Certainly the greatest change in our human being-in-the-world occurs due to our change in our relationship to Nature. In other areas, there are few, for example, who understand the mathematics involved in quantum and relativity physics. The choices made by parents and students indicate what we consider to be knowledge of value. This is what Kant called his transcendental method. Admittedly, our mathematical formulas no longer picture nature but merely represent our own grasp of nature. When the soul is not beautiful, it is ugly and deformed. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. In the most general terms (and as a second order inquiry) the production of knowledge that results from such viewing is the determination of the being of things as objects. Your email address will not be published. Useful to/for whom? What role does imagination play in producing knowledge about the world? Our modern scientific knowledge in the form of quantum physics demonstrates that what has been traditionally understood as certainty regarding knowledge of nature and inquiries into nature is not possible. An appropriate question to ask is whether or not a dialectic is possible on todays social media and what possible consequences are present. Your rationale for establishing the relations between the objects/images will be based on the principle of sufficient reason and will demonstrate and answer the questions what, why, and how. No reason is given for the shops being closed i.e. This is just an example of the extraordinary changes in meaning that words have through the centuries and should serve as a warning. Each student created an exhibition of three objects to connect to one specific question. The material tools, the instruments, come after technology establishes its dominion in the realm of beings. In your discussion, defining counts and knowledge will be crucial as well as demonstrating how the images you have chosen illustrate your interpretations of these key terms. A question has arisen regarding the idea of added value in comment #2. Each of the prompts is discussed in turn below: This is a useful prompt in that one may be able to respond to it in the simplest of terms or one may proceed to the very abyss of what thinking is in ones response to it. These cabals of knowers have power within their respective communities, so much so that some proponents of these world-pictures have become placed as the new priesthood in the communities where these world pictures thrive.