For a discussion of the tonal elements of Das Rhinegold and their significance, see The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, available online by subscription (free trial is offered). acted as unofficial portfolio ministers. [34], As important as these improvements were, they could not compete with the impact of the railway. Nationalism and Realism - Sample Homework Pacing (Page numbers are from Spielvogel, 9 th edition) Assignment 1: Napoleon III MindTap: Setting the Scene Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire, pages 658-660 The Second Napoleonic Empire, page 660 Foreign Policy: The Crimean War, pages 660-662 AP Euro Bit by Bit: Who Was Napoleon III? [123], For the 1871 ceremonial event marking completion of unification, see, Administrative areas after the unification of the, Dissolution of the Old Empire by the Napoleonic Continental System, Rise of German nationalism under Napoleon, Congress of Vienna and the rise of German dualism, Emergence of liberal nationalism and conservative response, German revolutions and Polish uprising of 184849, The aborted 184849 German Empire in retrospective analysis, Problem of spheres of influence: The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmtz, External expectations of a unified Germany, Peace of Prague and the North German Confederation, Unified Italy and Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Open hostilities and the disastrous end of the Second French Empire, War as the capstone of the unification process, Internal political and administrative unification, Historical arguments and the Empire's social anatomy, Beyond the political mechanism: forming a nation, Although the Prussian army had gained its reputation in the. 432; Holt, p. 75. The Mecklenburgs joined in 1867, while Bremen and Hamburg joined in 1888. Von Roon and William (who took an active interest in military structures) began reorganizing the Prussian army, while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command. Updated AP Edition. The Congress established a loose German Confederation (18151866), headed by Austria, with a "Federal Diet" (called the Bundestag or Bundesversammlung, an assembly of appointed leaders) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main. Although an arch-conservative, Bismarck. Politically, the conservative order tried to limit the influence of liberal politics by making minor concessions to liberals. In concert with the newly formed Italy, Bismarck created a diplomatic environment in which Austria declared war on Prussia. Germany only unified as recently as 1871, when Wilhelm I became the leader of the German Empire following the Franco-Prussian War. [80], A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. The Prussian war cabinet understood that its only supporters among the German states against the Habsburgs were two small principalities bordering on Brandenburg that had little military strength or political clout: the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The overture to Das Rheingold sets the stage for the audience. Prussia's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the Partitions of Poland, the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War under Frederick the Great. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. AP European Example (Document Based Question) This is intended as a guide to the correct construction of the essay and is not to be used as your essay. For example, raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload. The Prussian cavalry pursued the defeated French in the evening of 18 June, sealing the allied victory. [6] The creation of student militias such as the Ltzow Free Corps exemplified this tendency. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test introduction the 19th century was one of constant political turmoil napoleon conquered lands and united them into an empire Kremlin warns against more Western arms for Ukrai By late spring, most important states opposed Berlin's effort to reorganize the German states by force. This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Wrttemberg and Baden. [2] Following the formal secession from the Empire of the majority of its constituent states, the Emperor dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.[3]. [87] In 1867, the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph accepted a settlement (the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) in which he gave his Hungarian holdings equal status with his Austrian domains, creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.[88]. As a result, the Confederation of the Rhine collapsed and the French period came to an end. The Franco-Prussian War. Water transportation also improved. Public opinion also opposed Prussian domination. [111], Additional studies of different groups in Wilhelmine Germany have all contributed to a new view of the period. This became known as the Punctation of Olmtz, but among Prussians it was known as the "Humiliation of Olmtz."[56]. Early in his career, Wagner identified with the socialist movement and supported the Revolution of 1848 in Germany. [47], Scholars of German history have engaged in decades of debate over how the successes and failures of the Frankfurt Parliament contribute to the historiographical explanations of German nation building. Save Paper; Otto Von Bismarck - His Policies Of German Unification. Held together only by the idea of unification, their notions of how to achieve this did not include specific plans but instead rested on the nebulous idea that the Volk (the people), if properly educated, would bring about unification on their own. [67] Second, his emphasis on blood and iron did not imply simply the unrivaled military might of the Prussian army but rather two important aspects: the ability of the assorted German states to produce iron and other related war materials and the willingness to use those war materials if necessary. [68], By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. In Deutschland, Deutschland ber Alles, officially called Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the Germans"), Fallersleben called upon sovereigns throughout the German states to recognize the unifying characteristics of the German people. p.235. Any story of German unification must include Otto von Bismarck (181598). Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victories, however much these might have boosted morale. In 1870 Italy and Germany were unified. Bismarck had "cut his teeth" on German politics, and German politicians, in Frankfurt: a quintessential politician, Bismarck had built his power-base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum. One of the major questions concerning German unification centered on this Prussian-Austrian rivalry, which was both diplomatic and cultural. In his first two wars, Bismarck balanced Russian and French concerns over the growing power of Prussia. Despite calls for rational thought and action, Italy, Prussia, and Austria continued to rush toward armed conflict. [5] The experience of German-speaking Central Europe during the years of French hegemony contributed to a sense of common cause to remove the French invaders and reassert control over their own lands. These individual governments rejected the potent combination of enticing promises and subtle (or outright) threats Bismarck used to try to gain their support against the Habsburgs. [110], The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. Demonstrates the impact of German unification on the ethnically French region of Alsace. [] Mazzini hoped, but without much confidence, that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime. Correct answers: 1 question: Which statement about an important event that led to german unification is true? [29], Formation of the Zollverein, an institution key to unifying the German states economically, helped to create a larger sense of economic unification. [9] This interpretation became a key building block of the Borussian myth expounded by the pro-Prussian nationalist historians later in the 19th century. The Wars of Unification resulted in the annexation of large populations of non-German speakers, such as Danes in Schleswig and French in Alsace-Lorraine. [97] "In the days after Sedan, Prussian envoys met with the French and demanded a large cash indemnity as well as the cession of Alsace and Lorraine. The widespreadmainly Germanrevolutions of 184849 sought unification of Germany under a single constitution. Music scholars have also argued that the sustained E-flat not only represents the depths of Rhine River, but because Wagner was a Social Darwinist, the note represents creation itself; the music "evolves" from one simple note, and therefore Wagner's intention was that Germany itself, in spite of its newness, was an organic entity, existing in spirit, long before it was created politically. The Union helped to reduce protectionist barriers between the German states, especially improving the transport of raw materials and finished goods, making it both easier to move goods across territorial borders and less costly to buy, transport, and sell raw materials. As chancellor, Bismarck tried without much success to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of its party-political arm, the Catholic Center Party, in schools and education- and language-related policies. [69] While the conditions of the treaties binding the various German states to one another prohibited Bismarck from taking unilateral action, the politician and diplomat in him realized the impracticality of this. Russian Jews arrived in north German cities in the thousands; considerably less educated and less affluent, their often dismal poverty dismayed many of the Germanized Jews. [50], More recent scholarship has rejected this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual "distinctive path" any more than any other nation, a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism. A confederated realm of German princedoms, along with some adjacent lands, had been in existence for over a thousand years; dating to the Treaty of Verdun i.e. The Peace of Prague sealed the dissolution of the German Confederation. [104] Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state, he had not done it alone. Unification of Italy and Germany Social Issue High Imperialism World . German and Italian unification was the fruit of the nationalism in 19th century. During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815, forces of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blcher, were victorious at Waterloo (18 June 1815). Giuseppe Mazzini and his leading pupil, Giuseppe Garibaldi, failed in their attempt to create an Italy united by democracy. 0. In 1866, most mid-sized German states had opposed Prussia, but by 1870 these states had been coerced and coaxed into mutually protective alliances with Prussia. [22], Crucially, both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear-cut program of unification. . All parties in France rejected the terms, insisting that any armistice be forged on the basis of territorial integrity. France, in other words, would pay reparations for starting the war, but would, in Jules Favre's famous phrase, cede neither a clod of our earth nor a stone of our fortresses". Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. The external tariffs on finished goods and overseas raw materials were below the rates of the Zollverein. Schneckenburger wrote "The Watch on the Rhine" in a specific patriotic response to French assertions that the Rhine was France's "natural" eastern boundary. In 1806, after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia at the joint battles of Jena-Auerstedt 1806 during the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg which included the formal dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the abdication of Emperor Francis II from the nominal reign over it. So, we haven't talked much about Italy and Germany so far in Crash Course Euro, and that's because prior to the mid-19th century, those two nation-states weren't really a thing. Judicial System: Body of Prince electors that often fought. Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day. The Congregations Law of 1875 abolished religious orders, ended state subsidies to the Catholic Church, and removed religious protections from the Prussian constitution. The assembly offered to share power under a constitutional monarchy and offered the crown of a unified Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia. by cjones004. However, the Prussian leadership, which was thoroughly conservative, rejected the Frankfurt constitution, preferring reform and unification directed from above. After the victory over Austria in 1866, Prussia began internally asserting its authority to speak for the German states and defend German interests, while Austria began directing more and more of its attention to possessions in the Balkans. The prince withdrew as a candidate, thus defusing the crisis, but the French ambassador to Berlin would not let the issue lie. In the Kleindeutschland ("Lesser Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns; in the Grossdeutschland ("Greater Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs. Unification of Germany 1. The engagement resulted in a decisive victory for the Coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Saxony, and Sweden. Finally, it extended to the religion of the new Empire's population. the 9-0, unanimous vote on the court is set to overturn the lower appellate court decision that augustus . Gramont wrote a sharply formulated ultimatum to Wilhelm, as head of the Hohenzollern family, stating that if any Hohenzollern prince should accept the crown of Spain, the French government would respondalthough he left ambiguous the nature of such response. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. [121] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. Industrialists and merchants thus brought liberal politics into German nationalism. [71] Regardless of motivation, by manipulating events of 1866 and 1870, Bismarck demonstrated the political and diplomatic skill that had caused Wilhelm to turn to him in 1862. the foundation of East Francia from eastern Frankish Empire (Francia) in 843, especially when the Ottonian dynasty took power to rule it in 919, though the Empire subsequently entered period of increasing fragmentation. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 186768, still did not make a nation. Napoleon had ordered the emancipation of Jews throughout territories under French hegemony. Edit. Furthermore, the member states agreed to send military assistance to any government threatened by unrest. Although the Austrians were far more successful in the military field against Italian troops, the monarchy lost the important province of Venetia. Aristocrat The effects of the railway were immediate. Learn about the unification of Germany, a summary, and timeline in European history. Cambridge University Press.2003. The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed their power to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the middle classes, or by peasants in combination with the urban workers, in 1848 and again in 1871. Finally, the Polish majority living in the share of Polish territory annexed by Prussia pursued their own liberation agenda. Howard, Chapter XI: the Peace, pp. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001. Celebrants gathered in the town below and marched to the ruins of Hambach Castle on the heights above the small town of Hambach, in the Palatinate province of Bavaria. When Italy and Germany were unified, they changed history. [53] Since the end of the 1990s, this view has become widely accepted, although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism. Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. William, crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861, appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister-President of Prussia in 1862. (The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor.) In particular, it involved a struggle over language, education, and religion. The unification of Germany fundamentally altered the delicate "balance of powers" established by the Congress of Vienna with the creation of a large, wealthy, and powerful nation-state in central Europe. 900904; Wawro, pp. The first lesson was that, through force of arms, a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815. His talent and place as one of the great romantic composers is often overshadowed by his virulent anti-Semitism, having claimed that Jews were "the evil conscience of our modern civilization." a. the german reichstag forced otto von bismarck to resign as chancellor. Bismarck encouraged Leopold to accept the offer. emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans, but for the local Jewish populations as well. There are no class differences before the law. Save. Following the 1848 upheavals, Wagner penned his essay, "Art and Revolution," in which he argued that the task of the artist is to effect political change through artistic expression. [19], Despite considerable conservative reaction, ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German-speaking lands. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (18041814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. A Nation of Provincials: The German Idea of Heimat. [81] In the day-long Battle of Kniggrtz, near the village of Sadov, Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. Cambridge University Press.2003. This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification: Kleindeutsche Lsung, the small Germany solution (Germany without Austria), or Grodeutsche Lsung, the greater Germany solution (Germany with Austria), ultimately settled in favor of the former solution in the Peace of Prague. In 1813, Napoleon mounted a campaign in the German states to bring them back into the French orbit; the subsequent War of Liberation culminated in the great Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. German unification had also been viewed as a prerequisite for the creation of a European federation, which Giuseppe Mazzini and other European patriots had been promoting for more than three decades: In the spring of 1834, while at Berne, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. The man-made factors included political rivalries between members of the German confederation, particularly between the Austrians and the Prussians, and socio-economic competition among the commercial and merchant interests, and the old land-owning and aristocratic interests. [72], Three episodes proved fundamental to the unification of Germany. Prussia's defeat of Denmark and annexation of Schleswig-Holstein set Prussia on a collision course with Austria for dominance of central Europe. You'll learn about Guisseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuelle, Otto von . Napoleon's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy. History. While some, such as Wagner, viewed the nation as an organic and natural entity, drawing together peoples with similar linguistic and cultural heritages, others considered the nation as a political institution to be constructed by political authority. [14] As Maria Theresa and Joseph tried to restore Habsburg hegemony in the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick countered with the creation of the Frstenbund (Union of Princes) in 1785. [54][55], After the Frankfurt Parliament disbanded, Frederick William IV, under the influence of General Joseph Maria von Radowitz, supported the establishment of the Erfurt Uniona federation of German states, excluding Austriaby the free agreement of the German princes. With skilful manipulation of European politics, Bismarck created a situation in which France would play the role of aggressor in German affairs, while Prussia would play that of the protector of German rights and liberties.[90]. Ap Euro Sample Guide. The "Witch. With the exception of the years 18721873 and 18921894, the imperial chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of the imperial dynasty's hegemonic home-kingdom, Prussia. Russia's included the eastern regions of Central Europe and a balancing influence in the Balkans. The chancellor was accountable solely to, and served entirely at the discretion of, the Emperor. They traced the roots of the German language, and drew its different lines of development together. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 19:38. Nevertheless he always remained faithful to the ideal of a united continent for which the creation of individual nations would be an indispensable preliminary. Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths' College. This AP European History crash course on the Italian Unification will be a good asset for you on the new AP Euro exam. A master strategist, Bismarck initiated decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France to unite 39 independent German states under Prussian leadership. [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. "[65] Bismarck's words, "iron and blood" (or "blood and iron", as often attributed), have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power. The states south of the Main River (Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavaria) signed separate treaties requiring them to pay indemnities and to form alliances bringing them into Prussia's sphere of influence. There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies, and Duchies and Principalities, inhabited by Germans, and each [is] separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State. The full text of Wagner's essay is available online. Following adoption of the North German Constitution, the new state obtained its own constitution, flag, and governmental and administrative structures. . As the music builds, display a picture of the opening scene. The four major reasons behind the unification of Germany are the role of Bismark, the strength of the Prussian economy, the decline of Austria, and the military power of Prussia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. [35] He was not alone: the poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote a poem in which he extolled the virtues of the Zollverein, which he began with a list of commodities that had contributed more to German unity than politics or diplomacy. They would have been Genoese or Sicilian or Veronese. Utilizing their efficiently laid rail grid, Prussian troops were delivered to battle areas rested and prepared to fight, whereas French troops had to march for considerable distances to reach combat zones. Unlike liberalism or conservatism, Realpolitik essentially rejected ideology in favor of the most efficacious political or diplomatic response, be it liberal or conservative. AP Euro: Unification 6 HISTORY on leer en el cafe 6 Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions Deutsch Aktuell: Level 1 1st Edition ISBN: 9780821952054 Wolfgang Kraft 303 solutions Vorsprung: A Communicative Introduction to German Language and Culture 4th Edition ISBN: 9780357036983 (5 more) Douglas J. The speed of Prussian mobilization astonished the French, and the Prussian ability to concentrate power at specific pointsreminiscent of Napoleon I's strategies seventy years earlieroverwhelmed French mobilization. Western Civilization, since 1300. Although many Catholics sympathized with conservative politics, Bismarck viewed Roman Catholicism, with its purported loyalty to a Roman pontiff, as a potential weakness to the German state. [96], The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself, which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland ("Camp Misery"), threw the French government into turmoil; Napoleon's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic. This was only temporary, however, and the Franco-Prussian War began in 1870. [112], If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus, that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. Play the overture to Das Rhinegold, which is approximately 5 minutes long. The German Conquest of France in 18701871. . Eric Ryan Distinguished Scholar at Southern Methodist University studying Finance, Business Journalism, and Data Science In April 1866, the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government, committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria. Many of the problems related to poverty (such as illness, overcrowded housing, unemployment, school absenteeism, refusal to learn German, etc.) the German Reich having 25 member states and led by the Kingdom of Prussia of the Hohenzollerns on 18 January 1871; the event was later celebrated as the customary date of the German Empire's foundation, although the legally meaningful events relevant to the accomplishment of unification occurred on 1 January 1871 (accession of South German states and constitutional adoption of the name German Empire) and 4 May 1871 (entry into force of the permanent Constitution of the German Empire). Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole. A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire's population, including the Polish and Danish minorities, started with language, in particular, the German language, compulsory schooling (Germanization), and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past. The German Conquest of France in 18701871. During the Revolution of 1848, liberals met in the Frankfurt Assembly and drafted a constitution modeled on the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789. Sometimes, as with the case of German Catholics, this was a relatively benign process; the case of Poland, however, shows a different side of German unification. Every German has complete freedom of religion and conscience. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. In Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang Di uses Legalist, harsh values to govern the . Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. Meanwhile, Helmuth von Moltke had become chief of the Prussian General Staff in 1857, and Albrecht von Roon would become Prussian Minister of War in 1859. [19], The assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees, which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement. You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community. Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. [74], The second episode in Bismarck's unification efforts occurred in 1866. p.302. The other states retained their own governments, but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control. Second, the unification of Italy provided Prussia an ally against Austria in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. To name only a few of these studies: Geoff Eley. [91] Over the next few weeks, the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY SUMMER, 2017 ASSIGNMENTS Welcome to AP European History. Their governance varied: they included free imperial cities, also of different sizes, such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and dynastic states such as Wrttemberg. [85], The Peace of Prague offered lenient terms to Austria but its relationship with the new nation-state of Italy underwent major restructuring.