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3 He is despised and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief: and we hid as it were our faces from him; he was despised, and we esteemed him not. One problem with this is that the sins which are so vigorously condemned in 40-66 are the sins of the pre-captivity ie the sins before going into exile in Babylon, they are the sins of Israel and Judah prior to the destruction of the Northern tribes and Judah prior to the destruction of Judah in the early 500s bc. The Jewish world before the Babylonian Captivity was very different to their world post-Captivity. Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Isaiah, Birth City: Jerusalem, Birth Country: Israel. It was not done just to impress: the prediction was given so that the Jews would not return to Baal or Molech or to their idols, but they would return to the Lord their God. Frankly, the post-Captivity world in the Old Testament is remarkably similar to our modern world, namely, no graven images, no gross worship of the ancient vicious gods of Baal and Molech, and no miracles either (until the New Testament period). Is there any corroborating evidence for the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego? 5 But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. For many, the divine inspiration would have no limits and to Isaiah it could have been really revealed the future in a very precise and detailed way, also considering the exceptional religious experience of which he was the protagonist (that is the vision of the Eternal seated on the throne, in holy temple in the midst of the seraphim) and the experiences of Micah (prophet of the birth of the Messiah in Bethlehem), of Jeremiah (anticipating the 70 years of Babylonian captivity and the subsequent return of refugees), Daniel (able to glimpse the succession of the future world empires from the time of Nabuchodonosor until the advent of the Persians, Alexander the Great and the Diadochi) and of a prophet of the times of Jeroboam (who foretold the name and work of King Josiah with two centuries in advance; see 1 Kings 13: 2 and 2 Kings 23: 15-16). By saying "cynic" it does not even necessarily mean they are wrong to believe what they believe. A major objection is that parts of the book are not . The temptations they faced were different and the typical sins after the 70 years of Babylonian Captivity were different. The people who wrote the New Testament saw Isaiah as one book. @Coelacanth: The traditional view is that sections were added to the book of Isaiah later. Of course, the higher critics of the period took this and ran with it. This happened with the Letter to the Hebrews. That the saying of Esaias the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spake, Lord, DIFFICULTIES RELATED TO BABYLONIA (IN THE ISAIA PROTO) AND TO CIRO (IN DEUTERO ISAIA). Yet none of these suggests the slightest practice of 45, 1). and cut through the bars of iron, So he poured out on them his burning anger, Isaiah 53. And some of your descendants, your own flesh and blood who will be born to you, will be taken away, and they will become eunuchs in the palace of the king of Babylon. Isaiah 39:57. and with the last(P)I am he. in words and deeds, shepherd, throne, shining star ". After the captivity the Jews were exceedingly careful not to worship the idols of the surrounding nations. In Babylon: prophecy of Ezekiel, Return to the land under Persian rule, and writings of Ezra-Nehemiah Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Timeline of Jeremiah / Daniel / Ezekiel Kings of Judah Date Ref Josiah 640 BC 2 Kg 22:1 - 23:30 5, 6 Josiah was 8yr old when he was made king and reigned 31 years 2 Ch 34 - 35 627 BC Jer 1 1 God calls Jeremiah to be prophet in Judah. The 54 columns contain all 66 chapters of the Hebrew Why? the violence of war. Book of Isaiah, also spelled Isaias, one of the major prophetical writings of the Old Testament. 5 I am the Lord, and there is no other, Who would care at all for these writings if that was how they were produced? By "cynic" I simply mean those who have decided the book Isaiah is an amalgamation of different writings, by different authors, some anonymous. the worship of graven images there was unknown. [14] Psalm 22 saying of Jerusalem, She shall be built, The "7" represents form of divine "signature". Particularly interesting is. Search Isaiah is a resource for members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to dive into the book of Isaiah. good friday agreement, brexit. Some later readers may have decided otherwise, but such interpretations are not more in the biblical context than the 19th century revival of the Flat Earth theory. Jer 2 - 6 2, 3 God sends Jeremiah to Jerusalem to give a series of messages to the people of Judah. This is what God told Isaiah would happen to Babylon: Is Isiah the only book written in poetic form? Is there a solution to add special characters from software and how to do it. Isaiah's role in the Bible Isaiah is the first of the Major Prophets. This conviction would have proved to be of considerable use to the Jewish people, exiled to Babylon two centuries later, helping to propitiate the favors of the new sovereign. "(Jerome, Commentary on Isaiah, Chap. 4 Who has done this and carried it through, what animals eat kangaroo paws in the savanna . It was to bring them to see He is the true God because He alone can predict the future. The Book of Isaiah can be divided into (at least) 3 sections--one of the most popular descriptions is: The Assyria section . He was believed to have written chapters 1-39 in The Book of Isaiah with the balance of the book authored by several other prophets. While scholars disagree about exactly how to interpret the signs of multiple authors, theres a common thread: the prophet Isaiah wrote the book of Isaiahwith help. When we reflect on the meaning of salvationand on our piety, mission, and life togetherour thought necessarily engages Get expert commentary on biblical languages, fresh explorations in theology, hand-picked book excerpts, author videos, and info on limited-time sales. -1. Cyrus is alluded to in this week's haftorah http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/579794/jewish/Haftorah-in-a-Nutshell.htm, The Helper of Israel The burden of proof is on you, I am afraid. For historians and for non-believers reasons of perplexity come mainly from the prophecies about the fall of Babylon (Isaiah 13-14 and 21) and the announcement of the liberator Cyrus (Isaiah 44 and 45), considered too distant from the period in which Isaiah lived . Your anthology point is key here. This is a timeline of the development of prophecy among the Jews in Judaism. When an anonymously written work is produced there arises speculation as the the author. Match. Wilson (1928). There are similarities of expression found in both 1-39 and 40-66. who spread out the earth by myself, v24 So it can be concluded that Deutero-Isaiah preached in Babylon between 550 BC and 540 BC. (To check this use Biblegateway.com). That is why Isaiah's name does not appear after chapter 39. sabbath; there was a withholding of the tithes - but none of these authors Scholars generally accept that the Book of Isaiah was at least partially written by the prophet Isaiah, during the eighth century BC. In my view, all of the above points 1 to 8 are accumulative evidence that the whole of chapters 44-66, along with the word "Cyrus" in 44:28 and 45:1, was written at the same time as 1-39, before the Babylonian Captivity, which started about 605 BC. If these chapters were written at a later date, after Cyrus had come to power, then in these passages sins are being condemned (or commented on) which were no longer a snare. The prophet, therefore, far from knowing miraculously and with two centuries in advance the exact name of a Persian king, could have simply glimpsed as "Anointed Lord" a foreign king, consecrated by God to free the people of Israel and to prepare the returning home, especially to the exiles of the Northern Kingdom, deported to Assyria by King Sargon II (2 Kings 17) after the fall of Samaria (722 BC). there was oppression of the poor by the rich; there was desecration of the Assardhon then ordered the reconstruction of Babylon but Assurbanipal subdued it again (648), after looting Thebes (665) and before destroying Susa (639). Artaxerxes III is Nebuchadnazzer. The hypothesis of a One Isaiah is reinforced by the fact that all the Proto Isaiah is pervaded by the omen (Isaiah 29 and Isaiah 40) of an imminent fall of Jerusalem and further deportations by the millennial Babylonian power, only momentarily bent by the ascent of the Assyrian empire. What kind of evidence (if any) could be used to identify a large conquest in the time before writing? Cyrus, the Emperor of Persia, lived well over one hundred years later: Cyrus (580-529 BC) was the first Achaemenid Emperor. In the first four centuries of the Vulgar Era -in Isaiah 45.1- an impressive number of Church Fathers, read Kyrios instead of Kyros, giving great emphasis to the translation "to Christ my Lord" instead of "to my anointed Cyrus". See: Who says Jesus couldnt predict the fall of Jerusalem. Inicio; Nota Biografica; Obra; Blogs. For one, Daniel refers to himself in the first person in much of the book and makes the dating claim himself. and he shall fulfill all my purpose; Sargon's Palace was magnificent and Isaiah mentioning him by name shows that he was a contemporary, thus making the writing of the book of Isaiah dated towards the end of the eighth cenrtury B.C. 8 He was taken from prison and from judgment: and who shall declare his generation? In the Bible, Isaiah 13:1. says, "The burden against Babylon which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw.". prophecy of Jonah[1] during the time of Babylonian captivity, though dating of the book ranges from the 6th to the late 3rd century BC. Until the year 1843, when the excavation at Khorsabad were started. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Nevertheless, some believers accept the visions of Isaiah without perplexity, because they think that the prophecies contained in the "Proto Isaiah" concern the great destruction of Sennacherib of 689, after the attempt of Babylon to free itself from the yoke of the Assyrians. and of the temple, Your foundation shall be laid. v28. I equip you, though you do not know me. When Cyrus issued his decree for them to return the Jews knew that the prophets of Baal and Molech had never predicted these things, but Isaiah, the prophet of the LORD God of their forefathers, had. This answer is nonsense. (Isaiah 50:11). Flashcards. That the activity of Deutero-Isaiah falls into the final phase of exile can be substantiated: who alone stretched out the heavens, "Modern scholarship considers" is an evasion. In this passage, the first quote is from Isaiah 53:1, the second is from Isaiah 6:10 and the third is from Isaiah 6:1. Date of Writing: The Book of Daniel was likely written between 540 and 530 B.C. What can a lawyer do if the client wants him to be acquitted of everything despite serious evidence? You have hundreds. When Cyrus issued his decree then they knew that they had been punished, by being taken into captivity to Babylon, not because they had failed to worship Baal and Molech sufficiently well, but because they had rebelled against the LORD God of their forefathers. Note: I used Young Literal Translation because it transliterate YHWH into Yehovah where all other translation seems to take more "liberty". 3) Then also, the manner of describing the year in Isaiah 20:1 is suitable for the age in which Isaiah was written. It's child's play to "predict things" after the event. and Israel my chosen, The book of Isaiah provides us with the most comprehensive prophetic picture of Jesus Christ in the entire Old Testament. Were there any other known poets during his time? You can see the original scroll online here http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/isaiah . We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. The passage predicts that when the Saviour comes 1 he would be despised and rejected; 2 he would be put on trial (verse 8); 3 he would die without children (verse 8); 4 he would take the punishment for other people's sins; 5 he would be buried in a rich man's grave (the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea); 6 he would rise again from the dead; 7 his death would be effective for many. All Rights Reserved. However, theres also evidence that other authors made additions. 6 All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. idolatry. Portions of 139 were written during the exile. The term Kyros, used in the Greek koin above all to make the name of the Persian emperor Cyrus, is in fact widely used in the fourth and fifth centuries before Christ in the sense of "supreme power, power, authority" and sometimes as a synonym of Kyrios in the sense of "lord, master, chief, having authority and power", as is clear from the works of Aeschylus, Herodic Doctor, Pindar, Sophocles, Thucydides and Plato. CLAIM: If Isaiah really wrote from Israel before the Exile (739-681 BC), then he would have predicted King Cyrus by nameover two hundred years in advance. Of course I'll try to apologise if what I wrote provoked anything other but thoughts. Of whom is Isaiah writing? and to whom hath the arm of the Lord been Born in Jerusalem, Israel, he was said to have found his calling as a prophet when. The text is written so as to appear that the prophecy had taken place before the event, when in fact it was written after the events supposedly predicted. and level the exalted places,[a] Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Isaiah, written?, Historical Backing for Isaiah?, Key Themes of Isaiah and more. Unanimous suggests not anonymous. 9 And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his death; because he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth. @FelixGoldberg: He mentions Nicolaus only because he was a close friend of Herod (and, in one place, to criticize him for writing so uncritically about his subject); but after all it's not a modern textbook where the source of every statement has to be given. Does Counterspell prevent from any further spells being cast on a given turn? Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. But after the Babylonian Captivity the sins of the Jews were different. Test. So the reason for speaking of Cyrus 150 years before he captured Babylon was gracious and kind on God's part. The opening passage of Isaiah 40 suggests Israels sin has already been paid for: Comfort, comfort my people, And you are right about two things: 1. the etymology and prior usage of the word, 2. comments are not for prolonged discussions (although this one was nice). Learn more in John N. Oswalt's course on Isaiah. The Northern Kingdom of Israel so rebelled against God that it was only another 200 years before the Assyrians destroyed them. "Cyrus" is in 44:28 and 45:1 because God is gracious and kind towards his people. The Bible has had various people duplicated. The destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile took place in the sixth century, but in chapters 4055, Isaiah speaks about these events as though theyve already happened. and subdues kings before him. perfect, So as to say of Jerusalem, Thou art built, And of the temple, and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? Eugene Faulstich who has worked on Bible Chronology believed it was written by one author. [Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Ezra and Nehemiah] ever mentions the reappearance In the ancient Middle East it was commonplace for a ruler to have a 'local' name in each area he ruled. Does ZnSO4 + H2 at high pressure reverses to Zn + H2SO4? 2 I will go before you These sins did not happen after the return from captivity 536 bc they are exclusively the sins of the pre-captivity. Is everyone a gullible fool except the modern scholar? There are three items in Isaiah 20:1 which give clues as to when it was written: In the year that Tartan came unto Ashdod, (when Sargon the king of Assyria sent him,) and fought against Ashdod, and took it; 1) The use of the term Tartan shows at least this section of Isaiah was written early, prior to 600 bc. that her sin has been paid for, It was, then, in God's kindness that he predicted Cyrus by name. Speak tenderly to Jerusalem, For 53:1 the author of John's Gospel tells us that it was that which Isaiah spake, and for 6:10 and 6:1 the author tells us that Isaiah said again. See other such passages: Isaiah 40:19-23; 41:6-7; 41:23; 42:17; 45:16; 45:20-21; 46:6-13; 65:7; 66:17. Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved. This causes a dispute over when the Gospel was actually written. Exile in Babylon Babylonian Empire: 1984 BC 539 BC Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon: 605 BC 562 BC The first speculation that we still have preserved is Miniscule 1739, from the 10th century, on which is written. Scrolls discovered in Qumran in 1947. So our oldest extant copy of Isaiah dates to a much later period than that of Cyrus. Why are physically impossible and logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of probability? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Assuming for purposes of argument that Josephus' account is true, then plain common sense dictates that he was so impressed precisely because it was the genuine article - a prophecy from an earlier period - rather than a crude contemporary forgery. Cynics claim this section must have been written once Cyrus has become King of Persia or around that time or afterwards, and that the Jews have dishonestly pretended this is prophecy when in fact it wasn't. So the Romans used each Sabbath day to build the siegeworks and do all sorts of things which greatly helped them to conquer Jerusalem! Passages from both collections are recorded by various Book of Mormon writers Victor L. Ludlow,Unlocking Isaiah, pp.56, Since Isaiahs ministry was centered in Jerusalem, this is the most likely location of the books origin.ibid. It is assumed that Isaiah arranged his writings into their present order, although a scribe or disciple may have done so. Most significantly there are three prisms in which Sennacharib relates his attacks on Judaea from 704 to 681 BC (Google "Sennacharib's Annals"). 3 I will give you the treasures of darkness that gates may not be closed: The narrator remains in this period until the end of the book. ("Darius" in the account of Daniel) took the city without a battle; a few days later Cyrus could march in triumphantly. 4055: Deutero-Isaiah, the work of an anonymous Exilic author; That the book of Isaiah was written by a single author and way before the time of Cyrus might have been believed at the time the caves of Qumran were filled with scrolls. Were they gullible fools? translations. (See Matthew 3:3, 4:14, 8:17, 12:17, 13:14, 17:7; Mark 7:6; Luke 3:4, 4:17; John 1:23; Acts 8:28-30, 28:25; Romans 9:27-29, 10:16, 10:20, 15:12.). 1932 ford coupe body for sale australia. There is only one book in the whole Bible which is truly anonymous: the Letter to the Hebrews. ), During this period Judah became the sovereign nation of Israel: The Maccabean Revolt 167 to 160 BC. Vaticinium ex eventu is a form of hindsight bias. Oh, and at the time Isaiah was written, they absolutely had a work for ball or globe. I like to read, cook, work out and I'd like to travel to Europe in the future. If such a comparatively ordinary prophecy such as Obadiah's has the name of the prophet how is it conceivable that the name of the prophet of the most glorious prophetic portion of the most sublime prophecy of them all, the book of Isaiah, should be unknown? Like in the passages before Deutero-Isaiah the whole book was written and rewritten, again and again by a fairly large group of people for quite some time, in many layers, before it became finalised, that is canonised. On the other hand, the hypothesis that, at the time of Isaiah, the term Koroush, was none other than a generic royal title, widespread in the Middle East, like many others widely used in the history of mankind ("caesar") "," zar "," kyrios "," kaiser "," shah "). Outstanding chapters in Isaiah's predictions are 13, 14, and 47 with scattered references elsewhere (21:9, 39:1, 3, 6, 7; 43:14; 48: . In Cave One of Qumran, archaeologists found a complete 24-foot-long scroll of Isaiah, which contained all 66 chapters of the book. He turns them to dust(J) with his sword, From what I've been able to dig up, the standard scholarly opinion is now that the material from Isaiah was from three different groups of sources, compiled roughly at three different times. And it is in 1-39 that the destruction of Babylon by the Medes is prophesied (Isaiah 13:17). I maintain you are holding the looking glass wrong ;) KJV is sometimes better than more modern (helpful?) Get updates from Zondervan Academic directly in your inbox. Most remarkable, however, are the prophecies of Isaiah delivered a century before Babylon had risen to power and recorded at a time when Babylon was still in obscurity with no indication of its coming greatness. when he says, Woe to them that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight. I'm into art, music, and I like fixing cars. And none considereth in his heart, neither is there knowledge nor understanding to say, I have burned part of it in the fire; yea, also I have baked bread upon the coals thereof; I have roasted flesh, and eaten it: and shall I make the residue thereof an abomination? There are foreign loan words in Nehemiah. that she has received from the Lords hand He feedeth on ashes: a deceived heart hath turned him aside, that he cannot deliver his soul, nor say, Is there not a lie in my right hand? Good answer as it goes. This was the time between the first victories of Cyrus, which gave an indication of the collapse of the Babylonian empire, and the liberation edict of 538 BC, which then allowed the Israelites to return to Palestine, that is to Yehud. Most accept this section of Isaiah was written when it claims to have been written, soon after 700 bc. Note2: In Christian world, this sort of "I told you so" fulfillment lead to disputes of when a text is actually written. This is confirmed in John 12:41 where John reveals that the prophet Isaiah actually saw Jesus Christ when he had a vision of the Lord on the throne in heavenhundreds of years before Jesus was born. (Isaiah 5:21), Behold, all ye that kindle a fire, that compass yourselves about with sparks: walk in the light of your fire, and in the sparks that you have kindled. As the saying goes: Its Difficult to Make Predictions, Especially About the Future. Scholars generally divide Isaiah into three distinct sections based on the changes in the timeline, assuming that there were at least three authors. Isaiah was best known as the Hebrew prophet who predicted the coming of Jesus Christ to salvage mankind from sin. countrymen had fallen. The Southern Kingdom of Judah managed to last about 340 years before the Babylonian captivity. Babylon was one of the most important cities of the Assyrian empire (with Kalash, Assur and Ninive), so that Tigat Pileser III, after having conquered Syria and destroyed Damascus (732), assumed the title of king of Babylon with the name of Pulu (729). He see's God as in control of history from Day One. God sent them into captivity and God brought them back from captivity, and the prediction of Cyrus by name proved that it was the God of Isaiah, the LORD God of their forefathers who had done everything. Don't see "proof" one way or the other. Isaiah, son of Amoz ('First Isaiah') wrote chapters 1-39, apart from numerous subsequent additions and alterations. How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner, Below is a list of all the prophetic books of the Old Testament where the author is anonymous:-, Though many readers might not value its witness, the New Testament in many places attributes the whole of the book of Isaiah to the prophet Isaiah. "To the Hebrews, written from Italy by Timothy". Note that in Jewish scripture, Daniel is not considered a prophet and is not included among the prophetic books. There is quite a break in language, content, themes, style, even theology at the beginning of Deutero-Isaiah. But the only Persian loan word in the book of Isaiah is the name "Cyrus". Its a single scroll from end to end, with no divisions or signals from a copyist that there is some sort of change between chapter 39 and 40. Let them come forward(D) and speak; They were being asked to leave their comfort zones and obey God. 4 For the sake of my servant Jacob, Aside from Isaiah 20:1, the Assyrian title "Rabshakeh" is used several times in both Isaiah (ch 36 & 37) and 2 Kings (ch 18 & 19). 1:20 and 40:5, 58:14; Should I receive comfort in these? The superscription identifies Isaiah as the son of Amoz and his book as "the vision of Isaiah . Learn. 35:10 and 51:11; Moreover, in ancient Greek "Kyros", in addition to indicating the proper name of a Persian emperor, meant "power, power, supremacy, absolute authority" and was the probable origin of the best known Greek term "Kyrios" (sir, master, capo), practically equivalent to "O ekon Kuros" (the one with authority). Do we know the reason it was written in poetic form? revealed? Note how Isaiah mentions Cyrus before Cyrus was supposed to have even been born. In 722 BC, after the fall of Samaria, nearly 30,000 Israelites were deported to Assyria, Mesopotamia, and the cities of the Media (2 Kings 17: 6), while thousands of exiles from Babylon took possession of the cities of Samaria. Prophetic visions transcend boundaries of time, space and. So it appears that there are three distinct timelines in Isaiah, and the time between them is so great that they couldnt have been written in the present by the same person. Historical Backing for Isaiah . prophecies of Elijah, Micaiah, and Elisha. God used him to uncover spiritual realities of his own time but also of the near and far future. History Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for historians and history buffs. Purpose of Writing: The Prophet Isaiah was primarily called to prophesy to the Kingdom of Judah. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. calling him in righteousness(H) to his service[a]? Cyrus didn't reign until roughly the 500's BC (Ezra 1:1-5; 6:1-5). If you have any questions, please review our. When God had a message for the people, He spoke to them through prophets: men moved by the Holy Spirit to speak on God's behalf. tippah county news. Why would they have revered them so much if those same scriptures were messed about with so much as modern scholars say they were? Yet The Book of Isaiah in Chapters 44 and 45 speaks of Cyrus in no uncertain terms: Who is saying of Cyrus, My shepherd, And all my delight He doth "To the Hebrews, written from Rome by Paul to those in Jerusalem". "What value would such a scroll have, and why would the Jews of old have had any reverence for their holy writings, if such a cavalier attitude existed towards their prophetic writings"? For Isa 41,2-3. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,.css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}contact us! The second Isaiah section, Deutero-Isaiah, was likely written by an anonymous writer (or writers) in the Sixth century BCE when the Jewish people were in exile. Presumably, Isaiah (proto-Isaiah) wrote chapters 139, an anonymous author living during the exile (deutero-Isaiah) wrote 4055, and another anonymous author living after the exile (trito-Isaiah) wrote 5666. If you are going to dismiss those folks as "cynics", I'd like to see some backup for that.