Henry needed an heir to secure his reign and fortunately an heir came quickly. Henry showed remarkable clemency to the surviving rebels: he pardoned Kildare and the other Irish nobles, and he made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen where he was in charge of roasting meats on a spit. Next month find out more on someone known as The Winter Queen! Philip died shortly after the negotiations. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. [56] This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum. Not only was . His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. Thomas Penns Winter King in a brilliant mash-up of gothic horror and political biography. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. Henry VII (28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. Henry VII is actually a less familiar figure, despite being the same person. This definitely was not that. Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. He was the only child of Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. From 1527 Henry pursued what became known as "the King's great matter": his divorce from Catherine. 1509. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the ten-year-old son of Edward IV's brother George, Duke of Clarence, was the senior surviving male of the House of York. By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry. They were also in charge of various administrative duties, such as the checking of weights and measures. [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! So 4 stars. Serious disputes involving the use of personal power, or threats to royal authority, were thus dealt with. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. [citation needed] The portly Henry VIII, and the ill-fated destinies of most of his six wives, is one of the first historical figures primary-aged pupils are aware of.. "King Henry VII" redirects here. More wrote that this King is loved and compared Henrys accession to the coming of a new season, a new spring following a winter of repression. Corrections? ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. Omissions? More than a biography of Henry VII, this book is really a highly detailed history of the last ten years of his reign, and how he meticulously and ruthlessly turned England into a police state ruled by what amounted to an organized crime syndicate. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)[27] with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. I really enjoyed it. Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. Some of them have more to say than Penn about the constructive sides of the reign, which developed the state-building methods of his Yorkist predecessors. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth of York. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. Claiming the throne by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, he was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. Henry VIII had become heir to the throne when his elder brother, Arthur, died in 1502. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. By 1500, Henry felt safer and things were looking good. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. Detailed Information. Years of instability, factionalism and his predecessors' penchant for war had seen royal finances severely battered. Both were survivors and as united in death as in life, as their tomb in Westminster Abbey illustrates. He made huge gobs of money binding his subjects to him with loyalty bonds. As his mother was only 14 when he was born and soon married again, Henry was brought up by his uncle Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke. However, with the help of the forces of his step-father, Lord Stanley, he defeated Richard and Richard was killed on the battlefield. [citation needed], However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. The new prince was the embodiment of the red and white rose, he was the Tudor rose incarnate. The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. His spies and informers were everywhere. Watch with Prime The devastated King became so ill that he was close to death, but then he recovered and Penn explains that when he took control once more, he was remorseless. This is why he named the book the "Winter King". The first rising, that of Lord Lovell, Richard IIIs chamberlain, in 1486 was ill-prepared and unimportant, but in 1487 came the much more serious revolt of Lambert Simnel. In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. He rewrote history by backdating his reign to 21st August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. Henry VII ruled as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do through fear rather than love. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. Some of it is due to his personality--he played his cards close to the vest, unlike his son--and some of it is due to Tudor spin--they were, after all trying to bolster up the royal credentials for a man who didn't have that many. And yet this time removed was summer's time, The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, Bearing the wanton burden of the prime, Like widow'd wombs after their lords . Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. But definitely rewarding! Henry VII: Winter King was aired last night on BBC2 and was the latest programme in BBC2s Tudor Court Season. His father was the son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh squire, and Catherine of France, the widow of King Henry V. His mother was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose children by Catherine Swynford were born before he married her. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. Penn's picture of a reign of terror carries disturbing echoes of the Roman historian Tacitus's account of the emperor Tiberius, another ruler whose abridgements of liberty followed an era of civil strife. Thomas More hailed the end of "slavery" and the return of "liberty", "the end of sadness, the beginning of joy". His spies and informers were everywhere. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Yet in the hands of a narrator as accomplished as Penn, the reign acquires its own, troubling fascination. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Their main aim was money. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. 3.5 Stars. These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. The baby died and Elizabeth, herself, died on 11th February 1503, her 37th birthday. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). The union was both symbolic and necessary. The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. People saw him as being like a traditional king and hoped that his reign would bring positive change. Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. [23] After his coronation Henry issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person. Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. It was 1501. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. [37], For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. If Penn's interpretation can sometimes seem slanted, its exposition would be hard to over-praise. Henrys Chamber Accounts show payment to strangers and people across the sea, who appear to have been part of a network of spies and informers who kept an eye on potential troublemakers and alerted the King. Henry VII's reign has yielded an evocative study, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, ILLUSTRATION: CLIFFORD HARPER/AGRAPHIA.CO.UK. He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". Before taking the throne, he was known as Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond. Henry VII, also called (1457-85) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (1485-1509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty. The rebels were defeated (June 1487) in a hard-fought battle at Stoke (East Stoke, near Newark in Nottinghamshire), where the doubtful loyalty of some of the royal troops was reminiscent of Richard IIIs difficulties at Bosworth. Henry, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort, was born nearly three months after his fathers death. So Henry was a valuable bargaining tool, whose fate always depended on what relations were between England and France, always tainted by the recent Hundred Years War, and how Brittany sought to ward off threats to its own independence. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. "[73] Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again. [2] His father died three months before his birth. Castles of . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Henry the older was lean and shriveled, rigid with prudence, empty of any hunger other than a desire to secure his throne through the acquisition of cash. [21], Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. It seems that Henry was skilful at extracting money from his subjects on many pretexts, including that of war with France or war with Scotland. A fresh look at the endlessly fascinating Tudorsthe dramatic and overlooked story of Henry VII and his founding of the Tudor Dynastyfilled with spies, plots, counterplots, and an uneasy royal succession to Henry VIII. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. Alternate titles: Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 196780. [7] He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king,[8] and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. Penn then went on to talk about the heir to the throne, the young Prince Henry, who seemed very different to the King. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. The usual courts and justice system were totally circumvented, and there was no chance of appeal other than purchasing extremely high priced royal pardons. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of the reign called Henry "a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious". This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. His second son, also called Henry, inherited the throne and became . $14.97 1 Used from $14.96 3 New from $14.97. The 17 year-old Prince Henry became King Henry VIII and started a different era. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. This is why he named the book the Winter King. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. The marriage between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine of Aragon would be the culmination of everything that Henry VII had fought for at the Battle of Bosworth, so in 1501 there was a fortnight of marriage celebrations and London was in a carnival mood. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. February 7 Sir Francis Bryan loses an eye and Henry VIII has a new love, An interview with historical novelist Sandra Byrd, Henry VIII and His Six Wives event open for registration. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. After the Holy Roman Emperor . By 1600 historians emphasised Henry's wisdom in drawing lessons in statecraft from other monarchs. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. He was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. Elizabeth had died in childbirth, so Henry had the dispensation also permit him to marry Catherine himself. 1) The number of books on Henry VII can basically be counted on one hand 2) This is Penns first book. [62], Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. He created the sovereign coin to spread the message that he was King. Since he was the second son, and not expected to become king, we know little of his childhood until the death of his older brother Arthur, Prince of Wales. She was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (fourth son of Edward III), and his third wife Katherine Swynford. His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. [28], Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". In 1494, Henry embargoed trade (mainly in wool) with the Burgundian Netherlands in retaliation for Margaret of Burgundy's support for Perkin Warbeck. Henrys throne, however, was far from secure. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. His father, Henry VII, was a cold, calculating man (he wasn't called "the Winter King" for nothing), a greedy monarch who during his last years on the throne had squeezed every last drop. He would learn better as the new reign unfolded. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. [44] Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. I am glad to say that I think it does, for it concentrates on the reign, and court, of Henry VII, giving a different slant to the well known story. From his victory over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, to his secret death and the succession of his son Henry VIII, the film reveals the ruthless tactics . In other cases, he brought his over-powerful subjects to heel by decree. [54], Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. He had to pay a 500 fine to save himself, to buy a pardon for the crime. Penn is not one to understate a case. [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. [40], Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. This was excellent. The whole system was ingeniously designed to ensure the unchallenged supremacy of the king while stamping out any challenges to his authority from the nobles, merchants, and commons. For Henry VII, it was all about the money and stability. Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. He had finished his palace of Richmond, he was controlling his allies and keeping an eye on his enemies, and now was the time to finalise the marriage agreement between England and Spain. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own.
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