Ernest Shackleton was a well-known Irish and British explorer during the first two decades of the twentieth century. [115] He returned home in April 1918. Who were the first people to go to. Beardmore was sufficiently impressed with Shackleton to offer financial support,[c][45] but other donations proved hard to come by. A sledging party, led by Shackleton, reached within 97 nautical miles (112 statute miles or 180 km) of the South Pole, and another, under T.W. Edgeworth David, and Douglas Mawson. [151], In 1993 Trevor Potts re-enacted the Boat Journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia in honour of Sir Ernest Shackleton, totally unsupported, in a replica of the James Caird. What is Ernest Shackleton best known for? - Ernest Shackleton So was born what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctica expedition of 1914 - 1917. Sir Ernest Shackleton had his first taste of polar exploration when he travelled with Robert Falcon Scott to the Antarctic in 1901. [83] He ultimately selected a crew of 56, twenty-eight on each ship. [33], After a period of convalescence in New Zealand, Shackleton returned to England via San Francisco and New York. [116] On the way he was taken ill in Troms, possibly with a heart attack. Four months later, after leading four separate relief expeditions, Shackleton succeeded in rescuing his crew from Elephant Island. Endurance was the three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton and a crew of 27 men sailed for the Antarctic on the 1914-1917 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.The ship, originally named Polaris, was built at Framns shipyard and launched in 1912 from Sandefjord in Norway.After her commissioners could no longer pay the shipyard, the ship was bought by Shackleton in January 1914 . He and his crew drifted on sheets of ice for months until they reached Elephant Island. Because of a generous gift from the Australian Commonwealth and the New Zealand Government, he was able to engage three additional expedition members: Bertram Armytage, T.W. Leaving McNish, Vincent and McCarthy at the landing point on South Georgia, Shackleton travelled 32 miles (51km)[97] with Worsley and Crean over extremely dangerous mountainous terrain for 36hours to reach the whaling station at Stromness on 20 May. Shackleton and Scott stayed on friendly terms, at least until the publication of Scott's account of the southern journey in The Voyage of the Discovery. On the return journey, Shackleton had by his own admission "broken down" and could no longer carry out his share of the work.[32]. (, The distance from the Pole is commonly given as 97 or 98 miles, this being the distance in nautical miles. He then sought to cash in on his celebrity by making a fortune in the business world. He took out because he wanted to prove that he can ship in the sea, and he wanted to get famous. On the contrary, his heart belonged to this great continent, and in 1921 he decided to go back with the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition. Shackleton made his own discoveries about Antarctica, but he was not the first to explore the continent. [120] Shackleton returned to England in early March 1919, full of plans for the economic development of Northern Russia. [91] On 21 November 1915, the wreck finally slipped beneath the surface. Devoted to creating a legacy, he led the Trans-Antarctic. They sailed from London on Friday, August 1, 1914, and anchored off Southend all Saturday. [78] Public interest in the expedition was considerable; Shackleton received more than 5,000 applications to join it. On 9 April, their ice floe broke into two, and Shackleton ordered the crew into the lifeboats and to head for the nearest land. [86][87], Endurance departed from South Georgia for the Weddell Sea on 5 December, heading for Vahsel Bay. The Endurance Expedition was a British mission to cross the Antarctic on foot in 1914-17. The Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914-1917 . His first expedition, Discovery, took place between 1901 and 1903. Go on a trip C. Get an assistant 15 1.5 22.5 . Stark images of Shackleton's struggle. He also socialised with his crew members every evening after dinner, leading sing-alongs, jokes, and games. They wrote: "Shackleton resonates with executives in today's business world. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott, a Royal Navy torpedo lieutenant lately promoted commander,[18] and had objectives that included scientific and geographical discovery. His people-centred approach to leadership can be a guide to anyone in a position of authority". [118] In the midst of seeking capital, his plans foundered when Northern Russia fell to Bolshevik control. Over a century after it sank to the depths of the Weddell Sea off the coast of Antarctica, the lost ship of Anglo Irish explorer Ernest Shackleton has been found. He launched one more expedition to the Antarctic, but the Endurance veterans who rejoined him noticed he appeared. [51] Nimrod arrived at McMurdo Sound on 29 January, but was stopped by ice 16 miles (26km) north of Discovery's old base at Hut Point. Sadly, Shackleton died of a heart attack, one month shy of his 48th birthday while moored in South Georgia. After a few days, with the position at 695'S, 5130'W, Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship, saying, "She's going down! [79], His interviewing and selection methods sometimes seemed eccentric; believing that character and temperament were as important as technical ability,[80] he asked unconventional questions. At his wife's request, he was buried there. [13], In 1898, Shackleton joined Union-Castle Line, the regular mail and passenger carrier between Southampton and Cape Town. Deep in the Weddell Sea, conditions gradually grew worse until, on 19 January 1915, Endurance became frozen fast in an ice floe. Shackleton served in the British army during World War I and served as a military advisor in the multinational North Russia Expeditionary Force during the Russian Civil War. [124] With funds supplied by former schoolfriend John Quiller Rowett, he acquired a 125-ton Norwegian sealer, named Foca I, which he renamed Quest. [143] Within a few years, he was thoroughly overtaken in public esteem by Shackleton, whose popularity surged while that of his erstwhile rival declined. Educated at Dulwich College (188790), Shackleton entered the mercantile marine service in 1890 and became a sublieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. After returning from his second Antarctic trip, Shackleton was considered a leading expert in polar phenomena. In 2017 Nancy Koehn argued that, in spite of Shackleton's mistakes, financial problems and narcissism, he developed the capability to be successful. On his return to England, Shackleton was knighted and was made a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. [127] The expedition left England on 24 September 1921. Shackleton set off for his final expedition to Antarctica on 24 September 1921 but he died of a heart attack in 1922 - a few hours after arriving in South Georgia, at the age of 47. Unlike the Arctic ice, which is frozen over the Arctic ocean, Antarctica is also a. [69] The reality was that the expedition had left Shackleton deeply in debt, unable to meet the financial guarantees he had given to backers. [99], On 9 March 2022, it was announced that the Endurance had been located 4 miles (6.4km) from the location where it was lost, 10,000 feet (3,000m) below the surface. Ernest Shackleton and his second in command Frank Wild (left foreground) pose for a photo at Ocean Camp, after their ship, Endurance, was trapped in ice in February 1915. He appealed to the Chilean government, which offered the use of the Yelcho, a small seagoing tug from its navy. Edgeworth David, reached the area of the south magnetic pole. In 1901, Shackleton was chosen to go on the Antarctic expedition led by British naval officer Robert Falcon Scott - Britain's other Antarctic hero - on the ship Discovery. This ignited his passion for Antarctic . There is a legend that Shackleton posted an advertisement which emphasised the hardship and danger of the voyage, so that he could better narrow down and select candidates for his expedition, but no record of any such advertisement has survived and its existence is considered doubtful. In 1905, Shackleton became a shareholder in a speculative company that aimed to make a fortune transporting Russian troops home from the Far East. On 9 January 1909, Shackleton and three companionsWild, Eric Marshall and Jameson Adamsreached a new Farthest South latitude of 8823'S, a point only 112 miles (180km) from the Pole. Also, members of his team climbed Mount Erebus, the most active Antarctic volcano. by Jessica Brain. Now it has been found.It was nearly 10,000 feet under the Weddell Sea. [101] McNish had clashed with Shackleton during the time when the party was stranded on the ice, but, while Shackleton did not forget the carpenter's earlier insubordination, Shackleton recognised his value for this particular job. Born on February 15, 1874 - Sir Ernest Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish explorer who led a total of three voyages to Antarctica. All episodes. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Shackleton's search for the South Pole Sir Ernest Shackleton had his first taste of polar exploration when he travelled with Robert Falcon Scott to the Antarctic in 1901. [88], On 24 February, realising that she would be trapped until the following spring, Shackleton ordered the abandonment of ship's routine and her conversion to a winter station. He became a farmer instead, settling in Kilkea. [100], Elephant Island was an inhospitable place, far from any shipping routes; rescue by means of chance discovery was very unlikely. Shackleton refused to pack supplies for more than four weeks, knowing that if they did not reach South Georgia within that time, the boat and its crew would be lost. When spring arrived in September, the breaking of the ice and its later movements put extreme pressures on the ship's hull. [105], On the following day, they were able, finally, to land on the unoccupied southern shore. He attempted a fourth Antarctic expedition, called the Shackleton-Rowett Antarctic Expedition, aboard the Quest in 1921, which had the goal of circumnavigating the continent. [40] On 9 April 1904, he married Emily Dorman, with whom he had three children: Raymond, Cecily, and Edward, himself an explorer and later a politician.[41]. When famed Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton and his crew boarded the Endurance for their fateful 1914-1916 Imperial Trans-Continental Expedition, they probably never imagined their ship's name to be quite so ominous. April 24th 1916 - Shackleton and 5 others set off in the James Caird for South Georgia.Sir Ernest Shackleton, Endurance Voyage. Why is Ernest Shackleton famous? [118], For his "valuable services rendered in connection with Military Operations in North Russia" Shackleton was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 King's Birthday Honours,[119] and was also mentioned in despatches by General Ironside. This book, as well as being a tribute to the explorer, was a practical effort to assist his family; Shackleton died some 40,000 in debt (equivalent to 2,323,748 in 2021[135])[138] A further initiative was the establishment of a Shackleton Memorial Fund, which was used to assist the education of his children and the support of his mother. [44] Shackleton by this time was making no secret of his ambition to return to Antarctica at the head of his own expedition. But on January 5, 1922, he died of a heart attack off South Georgia and was buried on the island. [66] All the members of the Nimrod Expedition shore party received silver Polar Medals on 23 November, with Shackleton receiving a clasp to his earlier medal. The founder of the family was Abraham Shackleton, a Quaker, who moved to Ireland early in the eighteenth century and started a school at Ballitore, near Dublin. The third option was chosen. This was the first of a number of books about Shackleton that began to appear, showing him in a highly positive light. He was planning to cross it. [16][17] Although officially on leave from Union-Castle, this was in fact the end of Shackleton's Merchant Navy service. Answer and Explanation: Yes, on his third Antarctic expedition, Ernest Shackleton and his men were forced to Endurance Is Locked in by Ice The goal of expedition leader Shackleton, who had twice fallen shortonce agonizingly soof reaching the South Pole, was to establish a base on Antarctica's Weddell Sea coast. "Chiefly alcohol, Boss", replied Macklin. [50] In accordance with Shackleton's promise to Scott, the ship headed for the eastern sector of the Great Ice Barrier, arriving there on 21 January 1908. [64][65] He was honoured by the Royal Geographical Society, who awarded him a gold medal; a proposal that the medal be smaller than that earlier awarded to Captain Scott was not acted on. Ernest Shackleton took Spratt's on his Nimrod (1907-1909) and Endurance (1914-1917) expeditions, where they were part of a doggy diet that also included seal meat, blubber, biscuits and pemmican, a high-energy mix of fat and protein. Another noted British explorer, Sir Ernest Shackleton, never reached the South Pole. Broadcast in the US on the A&E Network, it won two Emmy Awards. At the age of thirteen, he entered Dulwich College. In 1901 he got a place on Captain Robert Falcon Scott 's first Antarctic expedition. At one point, Shackleton gave his one biscuit allotted for the day to the ailing Frank Wild, who wrote in his diary: "All the money that was ever minted would not have bought that biscuit and the remembrance of that sacrifice will never leave me". Study now. His . They found that the Barrier Inlet had expanded to form a large bay, in which were hundreds of whales, which led to the immediate christening of the area as the Bay of Whales. [157] Also in 2013, a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the Teloschistaceae family was published as Shackletonia by botanists Schting, Frdn & Arup. In January 2013, a joint British-Australian team set out to duplicate Shackleton's 1916 trip across the Southern Ocean. [93] After failed attempts to march across the ice to this island, Shackleton decided to set up another more permanent camp (Patience Camp) on another floe, and trust to the drift of the ice to take them towards a safe landing. [155] That same year, on the date of what would have been Shackleton's 137th birthday, Google honoured him with a Google Doodle. When Shackleton returned to England in May 1917, Europe was in the midst of the First World War. Disaster struck this expedition when its ship, Endurance, became trapped in pack ice and was slowly crushed before the shore parties could be landed. On 8 May, thanks to Worsley's navigational skills, the cliffs of South Georgia came into sight, but hurricane-force winds prevented the possibility of landing. The sledging party returned to the base camp in late February 1909, but they discovered that the Nimrod had set sail some two days earlier. Thus physicist Reginald James was asked if he could sing;[81] others were accepted on sight because Shackleton liked the look of them, or after the briefest of interrogations. After sea . Why did Ernest shackleton go to antarctica? [d] En route the South Pole party discovered the Beardmore Glaciernamed after Shackleton's patron[55]and became the first persons to see and travel on the South Polar Plateau. Suffering from a heart condition, made worse by the fatigue of his arduous journeys, and too old to be conscripted, he nevertheless volunteered for the army. Omissions? Rowett agreed to finance the entire expedition, which became known as the ShackletonRowett Expedition. [107], The next successful crossing of South Georgia was in October 1955, by the British explorer Duncan Carse, who travelled much of the same route as Shackleton's party. It was named after Shackleton'sfamily motto: "Fortitudine vincimus" (By endurance we conquer). There remained the men of the Ross Sea Party, who were stranded at Cape Evans in McMurdo Sound, after Aurora had been blown from its anchorage and driven out to sea, unable to return. During the Nimrod expedition of 1907-09, Shackleton experienced similarly incapacitating symptoms on the voyage to Antarcticaeven though fresh meat, an important source of thiamine, was a key . [h][102][103] Not only did Shackleton recognise their value for the job but also because he knew the potential risk they were to morale. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [143] This negative picture of Scott became accepted as the popular truth[144] as the kind of heroism that Scott represented fell victim to the cultural shifts of the late twentieth century. For these achievements, Shackleton was knighted by King Edward VII on his return home. Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton's century-old whisky has been retrieved. The astonishing challenge - to cross Antarctica from one coast to the other - didn't exactly go to plan and actually resulted in . [136] Lady Shackleton survived her husband by 14 years, dying in 1936. He was forced to make an 800-mile open boat journey, then cross the island of South Georgia, before the ship's crew could be rescued. On 4 February 1903, the party finally reached the ship. He joined Capt. The wreck of Sir Ernest Shackleton's wooden ship has been recovered from the ocean depths more than a century after it sank off the coast of Antarctica. Shackleton's mother, Henrietta Letitia Sophia Gavan, was descended from the Fitzmaurice family. [76], Shackleton used his considerable fund-raising skills, and the expedition was financed largely by private donations, although the British government gave 10,000 (about 900,000 in 2019 terms). Getty Images Ernest Shackleton's ship, Endurance, trapped in ice. October 10, 2012, 11:40 AM Live Oct. 11, 2012 -- Ernest Shackleton ought to have died on the Antarctic ice. [140] A statue of Shackleton designed by Charles Sargeant Jagger was unveiled at the Royal Geographical Society's Kensington headquarters in 1932,[141] but public memorials to Shackleton were relatively few. "[137], Before the return of Shackleton's body to South Georgia, there was a memorial service held for him with full military honours at Holy Trinity Church, Montevideo, and on 2 March a service was held at St Paul's Cathedral, London, at which the King and other members of the royal family were represented. Norwegian-built three-master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all, to the southernmost shore of Antarctica's adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort . "[8] In his final term at the school he was still able to achieve fifth place in his class of thirty-one. EXPLORERS - ROALD AMUNDSEN. Scott led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901-04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910-13. . Event and key to map Time since leaving England Date 8 Shackleton, Worsley, and Crean reach Stromness whaling station 21 months, 12 days May 20th 1916. Scott wrote: "He ought not to risk further hardship in his present state of health. LONDON, Feb. 5, 2010 -- Whisky bottles belonging to the . [60] Several mostly intact cases of whisky and brandy left behind in 1909 were recovered in 2010, for analysis by a distilling company. According to Macklin's own account, Macklin told him he had been overdoing things and should try to "lead a more regular life", to which Shackleton answered: "You are always wanting me to give up things, what is it I ought to give up?" [131] Within a year the first biography, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton, by Hugh Robert Mill, was published. Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family[1] moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten. Mrs Chippy was shot when the Endurance sank, due to the belief that he would not have survived the ordeal that followed. Although he'd been sent home from the trip due to ill health, Shackleton vowed to return to the Antarctic and prove himself as a polar . [11], Shackleton's restlessness at school was such that he was allowed to leave at 16 and go to sea. He attempted a fourth Antarctic expedition, called the Shackleton-Rowett Antarctic Expedition, aboard the Quest in 1921, which had the goal of circumnavigating the continent. Emily Shackleton later recorded: "The only comment he made to me about not reaching the Pole was 'a live donkey is better than a dead lion, isn't it?' (Ernest Shackleton) (Perce Blackborow) Suggested answers: Shackleton:"Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasn't qualified." From the sentence we can infer that Shackleton was a responsible leader.Obviously he really needed people to work for him,but the expedition was very . When did Ernest Shackleton reach Antarctica? Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS FRSGS (15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.. Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban south London . [84], Despite the outbreak of the First World War on 3 August 1914, Endurance was directed by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, to "proceed",[g] and left British waters on 8 August. With Scott and one other, Shackleton trekked towards. After the darkness of the Antarctic winter, the return of the sun was a major event in 1915 . Ernest Shackleton never did reach the South Pole or cross Antarctica. [76], Shackleton published details of his new expedition, grandly titled the "Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition", early in 1914. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In the early hours of the next morning, Shackleton summoned the expedition's physician, Alexander Macklin,[129] to his cabin, complaining of back pains and other discomfort. In 2002, Shackleton was voted eleventh in a BBC poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. Led by explorer and environmental scientist Tim Jarvis, the team was assembled at the request of Alexandra Shackleton, Sir Ernest's granddaughter, who felt the trip would honour her grandfather's legacy. They did whatever they could. [68] The heroism was also claimed by Ireland: the Dublin Evening Telegraph's headline read "South Pole Almost Reached by an Irishman",[68] while the Dublin Express spoke of the "qualities that were his heritage as an Irishman".[68]. [123] In 1920, tired of the lecture circuit, Shackleton began to consider the possibility of a last expedition. [69] Fridtjof Nansen sent an effusive private letter to Emily Shackleton, praising the "unique expedition which has been such a complete success in every respect". This disparity continued into the 1950s. His plan was to make landfall in Antarctica, hike across the entire continent and sail back to England. A few moments later, at 2:50a.m. on 5 January 1922, Shackleton suffered a fatal heart attack. [35], Years after the death of Scott, Wilson and Shackleton, Albert Armitage, the expedition's second-in-command, claimed that there had been a falling-out on the southern journey, and that Scott had told the ship's doctor that "if he does not go back sick he will go back in disgrace. (equivalent to 32,306 in 2021[135]) which he bequeathed to his wife. [139], During the ensuing decades Shackleton's status as a polar hero was generally outshone by that of Captain Scott, whose polar party had by 1925 been commemorated on more than 30 monuments in Britain alone, including stained glass windows, statues, busts and memorial tablets. He felt certain that others would soon succeed in reaching the South Pole where he had failed having come so close, and so looked to the next goal. The members of the expedition then drifted on ice floes for another five months and finally escaped in boats to Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands, where they subsisted on seal meat, penguins, and their dogs. Timeline and Map. Ernest Henry Shackleton British Antarctic Expedition (1907-09) When Ernest Shackleton arrived back in England on 12 June 1903, he found that Scott's 1901-04 expedition, from which had been virtually sacked, was a controversial subject. [8] Four years later, the family moved again, from Ireland to Sydenham in suburban London. Shackleton's . Updates? Shackleton delayed his own departure until 27 September, meeting the ship in Buenos Aires.[85]. An Anglo-Irish adventurer, he became a pivotal figure in the era later characterised as the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration", thanks to the laudable and ambitious . Proposing a toast to the explorer at a lunch given in Shackleton's honour by the Royal Societies Club, Lord Halsbury, a former Lord Chancellor, said: "When one remembers what he had gone through, one does not believe in the supposed degeneration of the British race. [46] Before leaving England, he had been pressured to give an undertaking to Scott that he would not base himself in the McMurdo area, which Scott was claiming as his own field of work. [147] Other management writers soon followed this lead, using Shackleton as an exemplar for bringing order from chaos. March 24, 2002. It's probably fair to say that adventurer Ernest Shackleton's attempt to cross the 2,000-mile Antarctic continent in 1914 was a successful failure. Amundsen vs. Scott. The story that would unfold was to be beyond any expectations and completely different to that planned. The inscription on the rough-hewn granite block set to mark the spot reads: "Frank Wild 18731939, Shackleton's right-hand man. A century ago a ship sank beneath the ice of the Weddell Sea off Antarctica. He was a key figure of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. "[34] There is no corroboration of Armitage's story. Copy. Shackleton died at Grytviken, South Georgia, however, at the outset of the journey. In August 1914 the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (191416) left England under Shackletons leadership. [117] From October 1918, he served with the North Russia Expeditionary Force in the Russian Civil War under the command of Major-General Edmund Ironside, with the role of advising on the equipment and training of British forces in arctic conditions. In his 1956 address to the British Science Association, Sir Raymond Priestley, one of his contemporaries, said "Scott for scientific method, Amundsen for speed and efficiency but when disaster strikes and all hope is gone, get down on your knees and pray for Shackleton", paraphrasing what Apsley Cherry-Garrard had written in a preface to his 1922 memoir The Worst Journey in the World. [169], "Shackleton" redirects here. [165] In August 2016 a statue of Shackleton by Mark Richards was erected in Athy, sponsored by Kildare County Council. In response to his posted ad, Shackleton was supposedly flooded with 5000 responses, men clamoring to take their chances on the icy southern continent. The printed word saw much more attention given to Scotta forty-page booklet on Shackleton, published in 1943 by OUP as part of a "Great Exploits" series, is described by cultural historian Stephanie Barczewski as "a lone example of a popular literary treatment of Shackleton in a sea of similar treatments of Scott". and I said 'Yes darling, as far as I am concerned'". Ernest Shackleton, in full Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, (born February 15, 1874, Kilkea, County Kildare, Irelanddied January 5, 1922, Grytviken, South Georgia), Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who attempted to reach the South Pole. 05 Dec 2014 Martha Lagace. Sir Ernest Shackleton's towering ambition and eagerness to explore the unknown led him to undertake the boldest adventure of his life, the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The return of the sun after 92 days. [149] In 2001, the Athy Heritage Centre-Museum (now the Shackleton Museum), Athy, County Kildare, Ireland, established the Ernest Shackleton Autumn School, which is held annually, to honour the memory of Ernest Shackleton. Transcript. [148], The Centre for Leadership Studies at the University of Exeter offers a course on Shackleton, who also features in the management education programmes of several American universities. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This party would then lay supply depots across the Great Ice Barrier as far as the Beardmore Glacier; these depots would hold the food and fuel that would enable Shackleton's party to complete their journey of 1,800 miles (2,900km) across the continent. The "Great Southern Journey",[54] as Frank Wild called it, began on 29 October 1908. [153] Shackleton is considered a saint by the God's Gardeners, a fictional religious sect that is the focus of Margaret Atwood's 2009 novel The Year of the Flood.[154].
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